Social Science Study Guide

Study Guide Intro to hearty Sciences Anthropology * How polish contributes to the make-up of military manity * Science of people (origin, classification, distribution, races, physical character, culture) * Emphasis on cultural relativity, in-depth examination of context and cross-cultural comparisons * Anthropologists Ruth Benedict, Marg bet Mead * Both denary and qualitative methods of research * Fields biologic/physical anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics Sociology Studies the actions of members inside a specific rescript * How people channelise themselves in assemblages, institutions and associations * Fields Demography, criminology, sex activity studies, brotherly stratification * Sociologists Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, George H. Mead * Both three-figure and qualitative research methods Psychology * Science of mental processes of a group/individual * Used in counselling to business * Fields developmental p sychological science, abnormal psychological science, clinical psychology, accessible psychology, organization psychology, cognitive psychology, personality, neuroscience. Psychologists Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, John B Watson Sociology * One area of society affects other directly or indirectly * Ideology of society influences marriage, economics, love, freedom, politics * Sociologists tryk to make sense of the beliefs and apprize of the personalities interacting deep down the complex society that is continu entirelyy being recreated. KARL MARX (1818-1883) * Study society using a scientific method to try to guess genial outcomes (Marxist theory) * Production is essential for the advancement of society A few individuals get out control the majority of the resources and production * Conflict in his theory theatrical role of social class one persons status is advance while other workers are forced to make money. * Labour conjecture of Value hu man productive power will be work in order to maximize profits for the bourgeois. * Proletariat produces goods valued at more than they are being paid rich getting richer. * money is the driving force in our society * Businesses are exploiters, chiffoniernot see substantiating nature of the bourgeois TALCOTT PARSONS (Structural Functionalism) * As much as things change they digest the same Believed society will create structures within itself that will succor with its basic functioning requirements * Our society will work to achieve a homeostasis where equilibrium is achieved * Every aspect of society contributes to the successful function of another aspect. (Relies on separately other) * When a system breaks down, it is necessary for other components in society to take over or assist the malfunctioning social structure. * Ex Legal system * Structural functionalism Does NOT look at social change deals with the maintenance of a society (seeks normality, equilibrium).GEORGE H. M EAD (Symbolic Interactionism) * Symbolic interactionism Focuses on how humans interpret (define) each others actions. Their response is found on the centre which they attach to such actions (not the actions directly). * Individuals learn and react from interactions within a society. * People influence their surroundings and shape the development of a society. * Society shapes the individual as he/she is shaping the society. * Analyses from the standpoint of communicating as essential to the social order, not individual psychology. feminist movement Liberal Feminists Examine social institutions, equal access to increase womens influence on society. * Radical Feminists Focus on the exploitation of women. want to change the patriarchal social structure through complete structural changes. * Marxist Feminists Focus on womens labour being infrapaid. * neighborly Feminists Focus on the overthrow of the capitalism believe it is the root task of inequality of sexes. Fields Demograph y * Demography is the scientific study of human populations-their size, composition and distribution across an area. * Fertility, mortality, and migration.These three processes influence how people endure the earth, form nations and societies, and how they develop culture. Criminology * Criminology is the study of the criminal justice system and the justice enforcement from a social and individual perspective. * Focuses on the behaviour which may lay down caused the criminal to violate a law, and seeks its influences, whether it is psychological, social or cultural. sexual urge Studies * Gender studies seeks to analyse gender identity and gendered representation in the fields of psychology, policy-making science, sociology, media studies, human development and so forth Gender studies investigates the physical and biological gender differences among sexes, nationality etc. Psychology * Study of human behaviour. * Examines actions, responses, how someone reacts under specific co nditions, how this individual affects society. SIGMUND FREUD * Creator of psychoanalysis * gentle behaviour is set by desires and the suppression of these desires. * Mind has three areas Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious * Personality is motived by drives= Id (part of the unconscious mind) * Superego= socially conscious of all decisions Ego= mediator between Id and Superego * Too much Id= not worry about social responsibilities pick out in dangers, breaking social rules. * Too much Superego= in addition uptight, too worried about social expectations and rules * Freud view human development as progressing through stages of development where the main conflict deals with an erogenous zone of the body. * Human development is understood in terms of changing focuses of sexual desire. B. F SKINNER (Operant Conditioning) * Interested in outward behaviour believed that our personality develops because of away events. He used a rat experiment to show the belief of positive reinforcem ent praise for good behaviour has the highest chance for producing semipermanent behaviour change. * Humans develop their behaviours due to a set of rewards that push activities being repeated and reinforced. * Skinner believes that Operant Conditioning is good fauna to promote an individual to make changes in their behaviour. IVAN PAVLOV (Classical Conditioning) * He wanted to see how the mind could be conditioned to make the body respond to the hatchway of an event occurring. * Ex Salivation reaction of a dog to a centre powder ERIK ERIKSON (development stages table) Believed that at a certain stage of someones life there are tasks (milestones) to achieve in order to excite a healthy development. * Unlike Freud, he believed that a person can pass through a stage and not get stuck at a certain level of psychological development. Fields Developmental psychology Developmental psychology is the science of studying developmental growth in humans over the course of their life span- from conception until death. Neuroscience Neuroscience psychology is an interdisciplinary field which applies the knowledge and study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and networks of afferent nerve cells.Abnormal psychology (deviance) Abnormal psychology is the tell aparting of psychology that studies aberrant (unusual) behaviour, emotion and thought. Personality psychology Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that strives to determine how opposite personality traits and tendencies influence our thoughts, behaviour and actions and makes each human unique. Clinical psychology Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology which applies scientific, theoretic and clinical knowledge in order to assess, prevent, predict and to treat abnormal behaviour, ysfunction or mental disorders in order to purify the individuals well-being and personal growth. Social psychology Social psychology is the study of individuals thoughts, feelings and behaviour and how they behold and influence others. Organizational psychology Organizational psychology is the scientific study of employees, workplaces and businesses. cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology which studies the mental processes including how people learn, remember, think, perceive and solve problems. Anthropology * Science of studying people and their culture. Anthropologists pose important questions concerning the lengthiness of poverty, racism, violence, and social inequality around the world. FUNCTIONALISM (Margaret Mead) * Understanding how social institutions fill social needs. * Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the entire system. * All aspects of a societyinstitutions, roles, norms, etc. serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the society. * Having established laws, customs, and agreed upon practices provides a sense of predictability and stability within a society. In ord er to witness a society, researchers must understand the function of social institutions and their respective contributions to the stability to their society. * A critique of functionalism is that all institutions are considered to provide stability, when this is not the case. * Ex The presence of family violence produces mental unsoundness in the culture with a difference in power among the different sexes. STRUCTURALISM * Reinforcement of a norm or a value increases the acceptance of the practice within a given society. * Cultures, viewed as systems, are analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements. Structuralists believe that meaning is produced and reproduced within a culture through activities and various practices that show their significance. * For example, northmost American society values the concept of romantic love and destruction friendship. This social idea is reinforced through media and national celebrations. Ex Valentines Day. * Different so cieties institutions reinforce different values. Fields Biological/physical anthropology Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans have evolved and what affect that has had on our behaviour.Sociocultural anthropology Sociocultural anthropology examines social patterns and practices by studying and comparing human societies across the world. archeology Archaeology is the study of past people, cultures, and civilizations through the analysis of material remain, ranging from artefacts and demo of past environments to architecture. Linguistic Anthropology Linguistics is the study of languages how they are formed, evolved, and how it has interacted and contributed to a culture.